Security Analysis (SA) - Reference Guide
Document: s0301100.pdf | Section 11
Version: 1-Dec-04 (Rev. C)
Security Analysis
Security Analysis Overview
Security Analysis contains both real-time and study mode programs concerned with steady state analysis of the electric power system network, with primary emphasis on network integrity and security.
Real-Time Security Analysis Subsystems
- SSP - System Status Processor
- SE - State Estimation
- PFC - Penalty Factors Calculation
- CA - Contingency Analysis
- OPF - Optimal Power Flow
- SM - Security Monitoring
- OUS - Outage Scheduler
- EFC - EMS Fault Calculation
- RPS - Reactive Power Scheduling
- QSA - Quick Stability Assessment
- VSA - Voltage Security Assessment
- DSA - Dynamic Security Assessment
Study Mode & Other Subsystems
Study Mode:
- SSP - System Status Processor
- DLF - Dispatcher's Load Flow
- CA - Contingency Analysis
- OPF - Optimal Power Flow
- EFC - EMS Fault Calculation
- RPS - Reactive Power Scheduling
- QSA - Quick Stability Assessment
- VSA - Voltage Security Assessment
- DSA - Dynamic Security Assessment
Other: APX, ESP, MPS
Key Source Data Structures
Applications Executive
- SOAXPA - Misc Parameters
- SOCATB - Category Control
- SOFUNC - Function Table
- SOSMEL - Study Mode List
- SOXLST - Real-Time List
Network Model Equipment
- SOBUSB - Bus Bars
- SORBUS - Regulated Bus Bars
- SOGEN - Generating Units
- SOLOAD - Bus Injection Loads
- SOCIRC - Circuits
- SOTRAN - Transformers
- SOSHUN - Shunt Reactors
- SOSWCH - Status Points
Allocation & Scheduling
- SOBGEX - BIG Allocation
- SOLOAX - Load Allocation
- SORBVX - Voltage Schedule
- SOBRKX - Breaker Schedules
- SOTRTX - Tap Schedules
- SOPHSX - Phase Shifter MW
Power System Equipment and Elements
An equipment is a major component of the power system (bus bars, circuits, generating units). An element is either a discrete state device or a measured quantity associated with equipment.
Equipment Groups
| Group | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Bus Bars | Nodes of the electrical network model | Real bus bars, regulated bus bars, dummy bus bars |
| One-Terminal Equipment | Injections into nodes | Generating units, BIG points, shunt compensators, load points |
| Two-Terminal Equipment | Branches connecting nodes | Circuits, transformers, bus bar couplers |
Reactor or Capacitor Bank Switching Configuration
Shunt units connected in parallel or single terminal step pattern to a bus bar for voltage regulation.
| Bus Bar Elements: | Bus Bar A, Bus Bar B, Bus Bar C, Dummy Bus D, E, F, G |
|---|---|
| Shunt Units: | Unit 1, Unit 2, Unit 3 |
Unit switching sequence: 1 → 2 → 3 → 2 → 1
Generation 3-Winding Transformer
Configuration where voltage of low voltage legs are identical.
| Bus Bars: | A, B, C, D, E, F, G |
|---|---|
| Transformers: | Transformer 1 (B-C), Transformer 2 (D-C), Transformer 3 (F-C) |
| Generators: | Unit 1 (Bus E), Unit 2 (Bus G) |
Unified Switch Model
Any power system may be modeled by inserting dummy bus bars at each electrical node. Every equipment is directly connected to a bus bar and every switch connects two bus bars.
Modeling Steps
- Identify all real, regulating and dummy bus bars
- Provide names for each bus bar (SOBUSB or SORBUS)
- Identify and name all switches (SOSWCH with FBBNAM, TBBNAM)
- Identify one-terminal equipment and connection bus bars
- Identify two-terminal equipment and connection bus bars
- Identify all status points in SOSWCH
- Identify measurements in SOANLG with EQNAME and EQTYPE
Source Data Structure Mapping
Figure 11.1.2-2 provides mapping of Network Analysis Source Data Structures.
- Equipment Tables: SOBUSB, SORBUS, SOGEN, SOBGEN, SOLOAD, SOCIRC, SOTRAN, SOSHUN
- Connectivity Tables: SOSWCH (switches/breakers)
- Measurement Tables: SOANLG (analog points)
Dummy Bus Bars
Every junction point of any two equipment including switches must be modeled as a bus bar. If a real bus bar does not exist, a dummy bus bar must be introduced.
Key Principle: Dummy bus bars must be defined at each terminal of all equipment unless the equipment is directly connected to a real bus.
Bus Bar Coupler Configuration
Simple Bus Bar Coupler
For a simple bus bar coupler between Bus Bar G and Bus Bar H:
| SOSWCH Entry: | CBCFNA="Bus Bar Coupler 1", FBBNAM="Bus Bar G", TBBNAM="Bus Bar H" |
|---|
Two Bus Bar Configuration with Dummy Buses
| Switch | From Bus | To Bus |
|---|---|---|
| Bus Bar Coupler 1 | Bus Bar A | Bus Bar 1 (dummy) |
| Bus Bar Coupler 2 | Bus Bar 1 | Bus Bar 2 (dummy) |
| Bus Bar Coupler 3 | Bus Bar 2 | Bus Bar C |
Configuration Examples
Generator Directly Connected to Load and Transformer
| SOBUSB | Bus Bar A, Bus Bar 1 |
| SOLOAD | Load 1 connected to Bus Bar 1 |
| SOGEN | Unit 1 connected to Bus Bar 1 |
| SOTRAN | Transformer 1 (Bus Bar 1 to Bus Bar A) |
Circuit Between Two Substations with Analog Measurements
Substation Houston and Austin with transmission line:
| Bus Bars: | A, 1, 2, 3, B (Houston) and a, b, c (Austin) |
| Circuit: | Circuit 1 (Bus 3 to Bus a) |
| Switches: | Couplers between bus bars at each substation |
Applications Executive Miscellaneous Parameters (SOAXPA)
Key Element: RECORD (always 1) | Single record only
SOAXPA Parameters
| Element | Description | Format | Default | Updateable |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AXSTAT | APX Exec on/off initial status | 4 char | "N" | Operator |
| MSGSTA | Debug messages generation status | 4 char | "N" | Operator |
| RERATE | Contingency Analysis repeat rate (SE executions) | INTEGER | 1 | Operator |
| RESULT | Save SE results status (INVL/ALL) | 4 char | "INVL" | Operator |
| SEDLAY | Time delay to schedule SE after SSP (seconds) | INTEGER | 1 | Operator |
| SESTAT | R-T Security Analysis initial status | 4 char | "N" | Operator |
| SEWAIT | Minimum time delay after SE completion (seconds) | INTEGER | 10 | Operator |
Category Control Parameters (SOCATB)
Key Element: ECATNO (Execution Category Number) | Max: SMP NUMCAT
SOCATB Parameters
| Element | Description | Format | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
| ECATNO | Execution category number (0 to SMP NUMCAT-1) | INTEGER | 0 |
| EXECUT | Multiple function execution (ONLY ONE/MULTIPLE) | 8 char | "ONLY ONE" |
| PRIOR | Start of priority list for each category | INTEGER | 0 |
Application Executive Function Table (SOFUNC)
Key Element: FUNCNO (Function Number) | Max: SMP MXFUNC
SOFUNC Parameters
| Element | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|
| FUNCNO | Function number (1 to MAXFNO) | 1 |
| FNAME | Function name | " " |
| CATNUM | Category number | 0 |
| PRGNAM | Program name (matches SOTASK.NAME) | " " |
| PRILST | Next lower priority function number | 0 |
| BEFORE | Before execution logic pointer | 1 |
| AFTER | After execution logic pointer | 1 |
| DEFDB | Default database number | 0 |
| DEFMOD | Default mode number | 0 |
| DISABL | Disabled status (Y/N) | "N" |
| DTIME | Delay schedule time (seconds) | 0 |
| DTSEXC | DTS execution allowed (Y/N) | "Y" |
| GRPFLG | Group function flag | "N" |
| IMPLM | Implemented status | "N" |
| MSGSUP | Message suppress status | "N" |
| PFFUNC | Power flow function flag | "N" |
| RSTFLG | Auto reschedule after restart | "N" |
| SECREQ | Permit second request | "N" |
| UCFUNC | Unit commitment function flag | "N" |
Study Mode Applications Execution List (SOSMEL)
Key Element: EXECNO | Max: SMP APXEXF
SOSMEL Parameters
| Element | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|
| EXECNO | Order of execution number | 0 |
| SMFUNC | Study mode function number | 0 |
| INHIB1-5 | Inhibited status for list 1-5 | "N" |
Real Time Function Execution List (SOXLST)
Key Element: EXECNO | Max: SMP APXEXF
SOXLST Parameters
| Element | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|
| EXECNO | Order of execution number | 1 |
| SELIST | Real-time function number | 0 |
| INHIB | Inhibited status | "N" |
Bus Bars (SOBUSB)
Key Element: CBBNAM | Max: SMP MXBBAR
SOBUSB Parameters
| Element | Description | Format | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
| CBBNAM | Bus bar customer name | EQPSIZ | Required |
| SUBNAM | Substation name | SUBSIZ | " " |
| BSVNOM | Nominal voltage magnitude (KV) | REAL | Required |
| BDFVOL | Default bus bar voltage (KV) | REAL | Required |
| BSVMIN | Voltage magnitude lower limit (KV) | REAL | 0.0 |
| BSVMAX | Voltage magnitude upper limit (KV) | REAL | 0.0 |
| BTVMIN | Post contingency lower limit (KV) | REAL | 0.0 |
| BTVMAX | Post contingency upper limit (KV) | REAL | 0.0 |
| PSEUDO | Pseudo (dummy) bus bar flag | 4 char | "N" |
| CBNAME | Directly connected bus bar name | EQPSIZ | " " |
| IPSARN | Pseudo subnetwork sequence number | INTEGER | 0 |
| VALPHA | Smoothing constant for voltage | REAL | 1.0 |
| VERROR | Measurement error for voltage | REAL | 1.0 |
| ELCODv | Voltage measurement definition flag | 4 char | "N" |
| BVWFAC | Bus bar voltage weighting factor | INTEGER | 0 |
| BVDWFC | Bus bar voltage deviation weighting factor | INTEGER | 0 |
| DELTAV | Maximum voltage variation | REAL | 6.0 |
| ALMCAT | Voltage monitoring alarm category | INTEGER | 0 |
| PROTECT | OPF protected bus bar flag | 4 char | "N" |
| SMCATE | Security Monitor category flag | 4 char | "N" |
| SMSYST | Security Monitor system flag | 4 char | "N" |
| SMRTFL | Security Monitor real-time data flag | 4 char | "N" |
| CATTYP | Bus bar category type | 8 char | "TRN" |
| ALTNAM | Bus bar alternate name (IEEE format) | EQPSIZ | " " |
| SRCUPD | Source update flag | 4 char | "NO" |
Regulated Bus Bars (SORBUS)
Key Element: CBBNAM | Max: SMP MXRBB
SORBUS Parameters
Similar to SOBUSB with additional voltage regulation parameters:
| Element | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|
| ISSPL | Swing bus priority level (1-99) | 99 |
| VRANGE | Voltage control range (KV) | 0.0 |
| RBVER | Pseudo measurement error (KV) | 0.0 |
Regulated Bus Bar Voltage Schedule (SORBVX)
Key Element: CBBNAM | Sets: SMP MXASET | Periods: SMP MXTPER
Voltage Schedule Format
Element naming: VSiHjj where i = day type (1-MXDAYT), jj = period (00-MXTPER)
| Day Type Number | Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | Weekday (Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri) |
| 2 | Holiday or Sunday |
| 3 | Day before holiday or Saturday |
| 4 | Day after holiday or Monday |
| 5 | Day between holiday and weekend |
VSiHjj: Scheduled voltage in KV for day type i, period jj. Must be between BSVMIN and BSVMAX.
Generating Units (SOGEN)
Key Element: CGENUN | Max: SMP MXGENU
Basic Generator Data
| Element | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|
| CGENUN | Generator customer name | Required |
| CBBNAM | Directly connected bus bar | Required |
| HLIMH | Hard high limit (MW) | Required |
| HLIML | Hard low limit (MW) | 0 |
| MVARAT | MVA rating | 0.0 |
| DISFAC | Generation distribution factor (0-100) | 0 |
| SEDSFC | Alternative distribution factor | 0 |
| RPWFAC | Reactive power weighting factor | 0 |
| QFACTR | Reactive power reserve parameter | 1.0 |
| VOLTRG | Voltage regulation code (Y/N) | "Y" |
| OPFEQP | OPF control ID flag | "Y" |
| OPFMOD | OPF control mode flag | "N" |
| RPSEQP | RPS control ID flag | "Y" |
| RPSMOD | RPS control mode flag | "N" |
| IDEALY | OPF voltage setpoint delay (sec) | 10 |
MW/MVAR Capability Curves
Breakpoints for reactive power limits as function of active power output:
| Active Power Breakpoints | GMW1, GMW2, ... GMWi |
| Max Reactive Power Limits | QMAX1, QMAX2, ... QMAXi (monotonically decreasing) |
| Min Reactive Power Limits | QMIN1, QMIN2, ... QMINi (monotonically increasing) |
Sequence Impedances (for Fault Calculation)
| Element | Description | Requirement |
|---|---|---|
| X0, X2, XD, XDD | Zero, negative, transient, subtransient reactance | Required (p.u.) |
| R0, R2, RD, RDD | Corresponding resistances | Default 0.0 |
Generating Unit Regulated Bus Bar (SOGEN1)
Key Element: CGENUN | Max: SMP MXGENU
SOGEN1 Parameters
| Element | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|
| CGENUN | Generator customer name | Required |
| CBBNM1 | First regulated bus bar name | Required |
| CBBNM2 | Second regulated bus bar name | Required |
| PG, QG | Load flow test case values | 0.0 |
| RZONNM | Reserve zone name | " " |
Dynamic Security Assessment (DSA) Model Data
| MODELD | Generator model (GENCLS/GENDET) | "GENCLS" |
| INETIM | Inertia time constant (seconds) | 50.0 |
| DMCOEF | Damping coefficient (p.u.) | 0.0 |
| DSYNCX, QSYNCX | D/Q-axis synchronous reactance (p.u.) | 0.0 |
| DTRANX, QTRANX | D/Q-axis transient reactance (p.u.) | 0.0 |
| DSUBTX, QSUBTX | D/Q-axis subtransient reactance (p.u.) | 0.0 |
| TDTRAN, TQTRAN | Transient open circuit time constants (sec) | 0.0 |
| AVRKE, AVRTE | Exciter gain and time constant | 0.0 |
| EFDMAX, EFDMIN | Exciter voltage limits | 0.0 |
Generation Allocation (SOGALX)
Key Element: CGENUN | Sets: SMP MXASET | Periods: SMP MXTPER
Allocation Format
GPIHjj: Active power output (MW) for day type i, period jj
GQIhjj: Reactive power output (Mvar) for day type i, period jj
Values must be within generator limits (HLIML to HLIMH, QMIN1 to QMAX1).
Bus Injection Generation Points (SOBGEN)
Key Element: CBGNAM | Max: SMP MAXBGN
SOBGEN Parameters
| Element | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|
| CBGNAM | BIG point customer name | Required |
| CBBNAM | Directly connected bus bar | Required |
| BIGTYP | BIG type (GEN/SYNC/SVC) | "GEN" |
| GPMAX, GPMIN | Active power limits (MW) | 1.0/0.0 |
| BGMAXR, BGMINR | Reactive power limits (Mvar) | Required |
| VOLTRG | Voltage regulation code | "Y" |
| CBBNM1, CBBNM2 | Regulated bus bar names | Required |
| DISFAC | Generation distribution factor | 0 |
| SECSFC | Alternative distribution factor | 0 |
| RPWFAC | Reactive power weighting factor | 0 |
| QFACTR | Reactive power reserve parameter | 1.0 |
| PUMP | Pump unit flag | "N" |
| OPFEQP, OPFMOD | OPF control flags | "Y"/"N" |
| RPSEQP, RPSMOD | RPS control flags | "Y"/"N" |
DSA Model Data for BIG
| MODELD | Generator model (GENCLS/GENDET) | "GENCLS" |
| INETIM | Inertia time constant (seconds) | 50.0 |
| DSYNCX, QSYNCX | Synchronous reactances (p.u.) | 0.0 |
| DTRANX, QTRANX | Transient reactances (p.u.) | 0.0 |
| DSUBTX, QSUBTX | Subtransient reactances (p.u.) | 0.0 |
Bus Injection Generation Allocation (SOBGEX)
Key Element: CBGNAM | Sets: SMP MXASET | Periods: SMP MXTPER
Allocation Format
GPiHjj: Active power output (MW) for day type i, period jj
GQiHjj: Reactive power output (Mvar) for day type i, period jj
Values must be within BIG limits (GPMIN to GPMAX, BGMINR to BGMAXR).
Bus Injection Load Points (SOLOAD)
Key Element: CBLNAM | Max: SMP MXBLD
SOLOAD Parameters
| Element | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|
| CBLNAM | Load point customer name | Required |
| CBBNAM | Directly connected bus bar | Required |
| LDTYPE | Load type (CONF/NONC/AUX) | "CONF" |
| CLTNAM | Conforming load type name | "GENERAL" |
| LDARNA | Load area name | " " |
| BLCOEF | Load update coefficient | 0.0 |
| PLPERR, PLQERR | Pseudo measurement errors | 1.0 |
| ELCODp, ELCODQ | Measurement definition flags | "Y"/"N" |
| PALPHA, QALPHA | Smoothing constants | 1.0 |
| PERROR, QERROR | Measurement errors | 2.0/1.0 |
| PSIGN, QSIGN | Sign reversal flags | "N" |
| OPFEQP, OPFMOD | OPF control flags | "Y"/"N" |
| MOTNAM | Motor model name | " " |
| LODTYP | Load type (1=line-ground, 2=line-line) | 1 |
| EBRCN1, EBRCN2 | Connecting breaker names | " " |
Bus Injection Load Allocation (SOLOAX)
Key Element: CBLNAM | Sets: SMP MXASET | Periods: SMP MXTPER
Allocation Format
PiHjj: Active power (MW) for day type i, period jj
QiHjj: Reactive power (Mvar) for day type i, period jj
Generation Source Auxiliary Load Information (SOAXLD)
Key Element: CBLNAM | Max: SMP MXAXL
SOAXLD Parameters
| CBLNAM | Auxiliary load point name (matches SOLOAD with LDTYPE="AUX") | Required |
| GSNAME | Generating unit or BIG name | Required |
| ACOEF | Coefficient A for auxiliary load calculation | 0.0 |
| BCOEF | Coefficient B for auxiliary load (MW) | Required |
| PRATIO | Power ratio (reactive/active) | 0.0 |
Auxiliary Load = ACOEF * Generation Source Gross Active Power + BCOEF
Load Model Data (SOCLDM)
Key Element: CLTNAM | Max: SMP MXLDTY
Load Model Parameters
Load model equation: P = Po[αp(V/Vo)+βp+γp(V/Vo)²], Q = Qo[αq(V/Vo)+βq+γq(V/Vo)²]
| CPV1, CPV2 | Voltage change coefficients for active power | 0.0 |
| CQV1, CQV2 | Voltage change coefficients for reactive power | 0.0 |
| CPF, CQF | Frequency change coefficients | 0.0 |
| VLOW | Constant impedance voltage threshold | 0.5 |
Load Transfer Data (SOLDTR)
Key Elements: TRLDNM, TGLDNM | Max: MXLDTR*AVLDTG
SOLDTR Parameters
| TRLDNM | Transferred load name | Required |
| TGLDNM | Target load name | Required |
| TRPERT | Load transfer percentage | 100.0 |
Circuits (SOCIRC)
Key Element: CFCTNA | Max: SMP MAXLIN - SMP MAXTRN
SOCIRC Parameters
| Element | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|
| CFCTNA | Circuit customer name | Required |
| BBNAMF, BBNAMT | From/To end bus names | Required |
| RESIST, REACT | Resistance, reactance (p.u.) | Required |
| RES0, REACT0 | Zero-sequence values (p.u.) | Required |
| LNCHRG | Line charging susceptance | 0.0 |
| FMWL, TMWL | Active power limits (MW) | 0.0 |
| FMVARL, TMVARL | Reactive power limits (Mvar) | 0.0 |
| FCIRL1-4, TCIRL1-4 | MVA/Ampere limits | 0.0 |
| PDELTA | MW loss reasonability limit | 0.0 |
| VANGLM | Voltage angle difference limit | 0.0 |
| ELCOPF, ELCOPT | Active power measurement flags | "N" |
| ELCOQF, ELCOQT | Reactive power measurement flags | "N" |
| PALPHF, PALPHT | Smoothing constants (active) | 1.0 |
| QALPHF, QALPHT | Smoothing constants (reactive) | 1.0 |
| PERROF, PERROT | Active power measurement errors | 1.0 |
| QERROF, QERROT | Reactive power measurement errors | 1.0 |
| PSIGNF, PSIGNT | Active power sign reversal | "N" |
| QSIGNF, QSIGNT | Reactive power sign reversal | "N" |
| FEBCN1-2, TEBCN1-2 | Connecting breaker names | " " |
| CFWFAC | Flow weighting factor (0-100) | 0 |
| PSSBNO | Pseudo subnetwork number | 0 |
| STLFLG | Security tie line flag | " " |
| PROTEC | OPF protected flag | "N" |
| SMCATE, SMSYST | Security Monitor flags | "N" |
| SMRTFL | Real-time data flag | "N" |
Load Rollover Model
| LOADRV | Rollover load name | " " |
| LBLRV1 | Breaker that opens (normally closed) | " " |
| LBLRV2 | Breaker that closes (normally open) | " " |
Transformers and Phase Shifters (SOTRAN)
Key Element: CFTRNA | Max: SMP MAXTRN
SOTRAN Parameters
| Element | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|
| CFTRNA | Transformer customer name | Required |
| BBNAMF, BBNAMT | From/To end bus names | Required |
| TRTYPE | Transformer type (INPH/PHAS) | "INPH" |
| ICBUS | Load flow regulation code (T/P/X/N) | "X" |
| RESIST, REACT | Resistance, reactance (p.u.) | Required |
| FIXVR, FIXPH | Fixed voltage ratio/phase angle | 1.0/0.0 |
| LNCHRG | Line charging susceptance | 0.0 |
| TAPMIN, TAPMAX, TAPINI | Tap position limits and initial | 0/MAXTPOS/0 |
| STPPVR, STPPPH | Change per tap step | 0.0 |
| PCONDT | Constant tap data indicator | "N" |
| VRANGE | Voltage control range (KV) | 0.0 |
| PRANGE, PSCH | Phase shifter MW range/schedule | 0.0 |
| TCULON, PSHION | Controller status indicators | "N" |
| CBBNAM | Regulated bus bar name | " " |
| TR3FLG | Three-winding transformer flag | "N" |
| VCOMLG, VREMLG | Voltage codes for 3-winding | " " |
| MASFLF, MASFLN | Master-follower flags | " "/" " |
| MASPNT | Master-follower control point | " " |
| WINDCF | Winding configuration | "YEYE" |
Transformer Tap Data (SOTRNP)
Key Elements: CFTRNA, PTAP | Max: SMP MAXTRN * SMP MXTPOS
Tap Breakpoint Data
| PTAP | Tap position breakpoint | Required |
| PVOLRT | Off-nominal voltage ratio (0.7-1.3) | 1.0 |
| PPHASE | Phase angle (-45 to 45 degrees) | 0.0 |
| PRESIS, PREACT | Resistance, reactance at tap | 0.0 |
First breakpoint = TAPMIN, last = TAPMAX. Values must be monotonic.
Three-Winding Transformer Tap Data (SOTRN3)
Key Element: TR3NAM | Max: SMP MX3WAD
3-Winding Tap Data
| TR3NAM | Main leg transformer element code | Required |
| TAP1, TAP2 | Main leg and remaining leg tap positions | 0 |
| TRESHI, TRECHI | High voltage leg R, X | 0.0001 |
| TRESME, TRECME | Medium voltage leg R, X | 0.0001 |
| TRESLO, TRECLO | Low voltage leg R, X | 0.0001 |
For each remaining leg tap position, data required with main leg at min and max.
Transformer Tap Schedules (SOTRTX)
Key Element: CFTRNA | Sets: SMP MXASET | Periods: SMP MXTPER
Schedule Format
TPiHjj: Tap value for day type i, period jj
Must be between TAPMIN and TAPMAX.
Phase Shifter MW Schedules (SOPHSX)
Key Element: CFTRNA | Sets: SMP MXASET | Periods: SMP MXTPER
Schedule Format
MWiHjj: Active power flow (MW) for day type i, period jj
Must be ≤ FMWL or TMWL.
Multiple Section AC Line Group (SOMULT)
Key Elements: CFMTNA, SEQNO | Max: MXACLG*MXLSEC
SOMULT Parameters
| CFMTNA | Multiple section AC line name | Required |
| CFCTNA | Circuit name (from SOCIRC) | Required |
| SEQNO | Section sequence number (1-99) | Required |
Shunt Reactors and Capacitors (SOSHUN)
Key Element: CSRNAM | Max: SMP MAXSR
SOSHUN Parameters
| Element | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|
| CSRNAM | Shunt unit customer name | Required |
| CBBNAM | Directly connected bus bar | Required |
| SRSUS | Susceptance (p.u.) | 0.0 |
| QVALUE | Rated reactive power capacity (Mvar) | 0.0 |
| QFACTR | Reactive power reserve parameter | 1.0 |
| XZERO | Zero sequence reactance (p.u.) | 1.0 |
| IDELAY | OPF voltage setpoint delay (sec) | 10 |
| BREAK1 | Disconnecting breaker name | " " |
| VCONTL | Voltage control mode point | " " |
Shunt Capacitor and Reactor Banks (SOCAPB)
Key Element: CCAPNA | Max: SMP MXCBNK
SOCAPB Parameters
| CCAPNA | Shunt bank customer name | Required |
| CBBNAM | Regulated bus bar name | Required |
| UNIT1-UNITi | Switched unit names (from SOSHUN) | Required |
| VOLTRG | Voltage regulation code | "Y" |
| VRANGE | Voltage control range (KV) | 0.0 |
| OPFEQP, OPFMOD | OPF control flags | "Y"/"N" |
| RPSEQP, RPSMOD | RPS control flags | "Y"/"N" |
Security Analysis Status Point Switch Identification (SOSWCH)
Key Element: CBCFNA | Max: SMP MXSTAT
SOSWCH Parameters
| Element | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|
| CBCFNA | Bus bar coupler/switch name | Required |
| SUBNAM, PNTNAM | Substation and point name | Required |
| FBBNAM, TBBNAM | From/To bus names | Required |
| SWTTYP | Switch type (1-8) | 1 |
| BRKTYP | Breaker type (2,3,5,8 cycle) | 2 |
| INTRAT | Current interruption rating (A) | 0.0 |
| VMAX | Breaker maximum rated voltage | 0.0 |
| VRNGFC | Voltage range factor (1-1.5) | 1.0 |
| CONTIM | Contact parting time (cycles) | 2 |
| KCB | Capability margin (0.5-5) | 1.0 |
| KRCLOS | Reclose derating factor | 1.0 |
| STATE | Load flow case switch state | "OPEN" |
Breaker Schedules (SOBRKX)
Key Element: BRKNAM | Sets: SMP MXASET | Periods: SMP MXTPER
Schedule Format
STiHjj: Breaker status for day type i, period jj
Valid values: "OPEN" or "CLOS"
Default: "CLOS"
Transmission Flow Gates Names (SOFNAM)
Key Element: FLGTNA | Max: SMP MXFGAT
SOFNAM Parameters
| FLGTNA | Flow gate name | Required |
| PEXPL, PIMPL | Active export/import limits | 0.0 |
| QEXPL, QIMPL | Reactive export/import limits | 0.0 |
| ADJFLG | Limit adjustable flag (YES/NO) | "YES" |
| RSFLAG, SECFLG | RS and Security flags | "N" |
| SUBNMW, PNTNMW | MW RT calc point | " " |
| SUBNMV, PNTNMV | MVAR RT calc point | " " |
| MVALM1-8 | MVA limit sets (GE PSLF) | 0.0 |
Transmission Flow Gates (SOFGAT)
Key Element: FLGTNA, CKTNAM | Max: SMP MXFGAT*MAXLIN
SOFGAT Parameters
| FLGTNA | Flow gate name | Required |
| CKTNAM | Circuit name (from SOCIRC) | Required |
| SUMEND | End for flow calculation (F/T) | "F" |
| RSIGN | Reverse sign flag (Y/N) | "N" |
| MVAFRA | Branch MVA fraction | 1.0 |
Load Area (SOLDAR)
Key Element: LDARNA | Max: SMP MXLDAR
SOLDAR Parameters
LDARNA - Load area name (unique)
Generation Control Areas (SOGCON)
Key Element: ENNAME | Max: SMP MXENET
SOGCON Parameters
| ENNAME | Area name | Required |
| EXARNO | Area number (consecutive) | 0 |
| EXTERN | External area flag | "Y" |
| OUSCAT | Outage scheduler category | " " |
| QRESLM | Reactive power reserve limit | 0.0 |
| DATFLG | Metered data flag | "Y" |
| XNLOAD | Metered external area load point | " " |
| XNALPH, XNRROR | Smoothing constant, error | 0.0/0.0 |
| PARTID | Participant company name | Required |
Reserve Zones (SORZON)
Key Element: RZONNM | Max: SMP MXRZON
SORZON Parameters
| RZONNM | Reserve zone name | Required |
| RZONNO | Reserve zone number | Required |
| ENNAME | Generation control area name | Required |
| SPNRS1, SPNRS2 | Spinning reserve requirements | 0.0 |
Overfrequency and Underfrequency Relay (SOFREL)
Key Elements: CBLNAM, FREQRY | Max: SMP MDTSRF
SOFREL Parameters
| CBXNAM | Bus bar or load point name | Required |
| UFTVAL, OFTVAL | Under/Over frequency pickup (Hz) | 0.0 |
| BK1NAM-BK5NAM | Breaker names to operate | " " |
MW Relays (SOCARY)
Key Elements: CIRCNM, OCURRY | Max: SMP MXCARY
SOCARY Parameters
| CIRCNM | Monitored circuit name | Required |
| CIREND | Monitored end (FROM/TO) | "FROM" |
| RPKTHD | Relay threshold (MW) | Required |
| EQNM01-EQNM10 | Facilities to trip | Required |
| EQTP01-EQTP10 | Facility types | Required |
Short Circuit Fault Current Correction Table (SOEFCB)
Key Elements: BRKTYP, CONTIM, CURTYP | Max: MXEFCB
IEEE C37.010-1999 Correction Curves
| BRKTYP | Breaker type (2,3,5,8 cycle) | 2 |
| CONTIM | Contact parting time (cycles) | 2 |
| CURTYP | Curve type (3PH/L-G/Tran) | "3PH" |
| X2RT1-10 | X/R ratio breakpoints | 0.0 |
| CORF1-10 | Correction factors (1-1.6) | 0.0 |
Contingency Definition List (SOCAST)
Key Element: CONTNM | Max: SMP MXCLST | Equipment per contingency: SMP MXMCON
SOCAST Parameters
| CONTNM | Contingency name (24 char) | " " |
| CGROUP | Contingency group number (1-32) | 1 |
| EQNM01-EQNMxx | Equipment names to outage | " " |
| BKST01-BKSTxx | Breaker status (OPEN/CLOS) | " " |
| COMMNT | Comments (64 char) | " " |
DSA Contingency Definition List (SODSAC)
Key Element: CONTNM | Max: MXDSCA | Equipment per contingency: MSWTCH
SODSAC Parameters
| CONTNM | Contingency case name | Required |
| CACATG | Category (ALWAYS/NORMAL) | "NORMAL" |
| CBBNAM | Faulted bus bar name | " " |
| FLTCLR | Fault clearing time (sec) | 0.0 |
| SWEQ01-ii, SWET01-ii | Switched equipment names and types | " " |
Contingency Analysis Test Data
Test Data Requirements
- Contingency Name: 24 characters, unique
- Contingency Group Number: 1-32 for group inhibit/restore
- Equipment/Status Point Names: Equipment to be outaged or breakers to open
- Single contingency: outage of single equipment
- Multiple contingency: 2 to SMP MXMCON equipment
Up to SMP MXCLST contingencies for Selection function.
SMP MXWCON processed by Detailed Analysis.
OPF Analysis and Control Parameters (SOAPPC)
Key Element: RECORD | Single record
SOAPPC Weighting Factors
| PGENWT | Generator/BIG active power weighting | 1.0 |
| CGENWT | Generator reactive power weighting | 1.0 |
| VGENWT | Generator voltage weighting | 1.0 |
| CVLTWT | Bus voltage/delta voltage weighting | 1.0 |
| CAMPWT | Ampere flow in circuit weighting | 1.0 |
| LSHDWT | Load shed active power weighting | 10.0 |
| CMWIWT | Area active interchange weighting | 1.0 |
| CMVIWT | Area reactive interchange weighting | 1.0 |
| CSVRWT | System reactive reserve weighting | 1.0 |
| TVRPWT, TRAPWT, TVAPWT | Transformer tap weightings | 1.0 |
| YPSOWT | Shunt susceptance weighting | 1.0 |
| RMWMIN, RMWMAX | Active power reserve limits (MW) | 0.0/10000.0 |
| RSMVAR, RXMVAR | Reactive power reserve limits (Mvar) | 0.0/10000.0 |
| JTAP | Max tap changes per execution | 6 |
| LOGNUM | Control output log queue | 1 |
| CNTP01-CNTP09 | Loss function control type status | "N" |
OPF Control Sequencing (SOAPPX)
Key Element: RECORD | Single record
Control Sequencing Weighting Factors
| PGENWS | Generator/BIG active power | 1.0 |
| CGENWS | Generator reactive power | 1.0 |
| VGENWS | Generator voltage setpoint | 1.0 |
| CVLTWS | Bus voltage/delta voltage | 1.0 |
| CAMPWS | Ampere flow | 1.0 |
| LSHDWS | Load shed | 10.0 |
| CMWIWS | Area active interchange | 1.0 |
| CMVIWS | Area reactive interchange | 1.0 |
| CSVRWS | System reactive reserve | 1.0 |
| TVRPWS, TRAPWS, TVAPWS | Transformer tap controls | 1.0 |
| YPSOWS | Shunt susceptance | 1.0 |
OPF Non-Separable Controls (SOISUD)
Key Elements: ISETNO, EQPNAM | Max: SMP MXSIMD | Groups: 16 | Devices per group: 8
SOISUD Parameters
| ISETNO | Control group number (0-16) | 0 |
| EQPNAM | Equipment customer name | Required |
| IDTYPE | Control device type | "VLTS" |
| IDTYPE values: VRPA (combined VR-PA), TRVR (voltage ratio), TRPA (phase angle), MWSP (active power), VLTS (voltage), SHNT (shunt) | ||
OPF Internal Area Import/Export Limits (SOUCAR)
Key Element: UCNAME | Max: SMP MAXUCA
SOUCAR Parameters
| UCNAME | OPF internal area name | Required |
| SEQNUM | Area number (1-MAXUCA) | 1 |
| PHIGHL, PLOWLI | Active import/export limits (MW) | 99999.0 |
| QHIGHL, QLOWLI | Reactive import/export limits (Mvar) | 99999.0 |
OPF Internal Area Boundary Circuit Data (SOUCCK)
Key Element: CKTNAM | Max: SMP MAXLIN
SOUCCK Parameters
| CKTNAM | Boundary circuit name | Required |
| UCARNO | OPF internal area number | 0 |
| UCFLAG | In area flag (Y/N) | "N" |
| FTFLAG | Metered end (F/T) | "F" |
State Estimator Parameters (SOSTES)
Key Element: RECORD | Single record
Allocation Set Start Dates
| Set 1 (Spring) | SPRMON, SPRDAY | 3, 21 |
| Set 2 (Summer) | SUMMON, SUMDAY | 6, 21 |
| Set 3 (Fall) | FALMON, FALDAY | 9, 21 |
| Set 4 (Winter) | WINMON, WINDAY | 12, 12 |
Remedial Action Scheme (SORASC)
Key Element: RASNAM | Max: MXRASC
SORASC Parameters
| RASNAM | RAS name | Required |
| SUBNAM, PNTNAM | SCADA arming status point | " " |
| STRMNT, STRDAY | Arming period start | 1, 1 |
| ENDMNT, ENDDAY | Arming period end | 12, 31 |
Transfer Paths (SOTRPA)
Key Element: PANAME | Max: SMP MXTRPA
SOTRPA Parameters
| PANAME | Transfer path name | Required |
| FRARNM, TOARNM | From/To control area names | " " |
HVDC System (SOHVDC)
Key Elements: DCNAME, SETNO | Max: MXHVDC systems, MXDCSET sets
HVDC Model
Q = a|P|² + b|P| + c (different coefficients for rectifier/inverter)
| DCNAME | HVDC system name | Required |
| SETNO | Coefficient set number (1-MXDCSET) | Required |
| CBLNMF, CBLNMT | Load names at from/to ends | Required |
| FRA, FRB, FRC | From end rectifier coefficients | Required |
| FIA, FIB, FIC | From end inverter coefficients | Required |
| TRA, TRB, TRC | To end rectifier coefficients | Required |
| TIA, TIB, TIC | To end inverter coefficients | Required |
Static Var Compensator Model Data (SOSVC)
Key Element: CBGNAM | Max: MXNSVC
SVC Model
| CBGNAM | SVC name (from SOBGEN) | Required |
| BSVCMX, BSVCMN | SVC max/min susceptance | 999.0/-999.0 |
| BFC | Fixed shunt capacitor susceptance | 0.0 |
| BTSC, NTSC | TSC unit susceptance and count | 0.0/0 |
| SVCKV1, SVCTV1-3 | Gain and time constants | 1.0/0.0 |
| VTHOLD | TSC control voltage threshold | 0.0 |
Motor Data (SOMOTR)
Key Element: MOTNAM | Max: SMP MXMOTOR
Motor Model for Fault Calculation
| MOTNAM | Motor model name | Required |
| TYPE | Motor type (1=induction, 2=synchronous) | 1 |
| RATING | Motor rating (MVA) | Required |
| VNOM | Nominal voltage (KV) | Required |
| XSUBT, RSUBT | Subtransient reactance/resistance | Required/0.0 |
| XTRAN, RTRAN | Transient reactance/resistance | Required/0.0 |
| X2, R2 | Negative sequence | Required/0.0 |
| X0, R0 | Zero sequence | BIGREAL/0.0 |
Model Type Identification (SOMODL)
Key Element: MDLMNE | Max: SMP MXMODL
Model Type Definition
| MDLMNE | Model mnemonic (8 char) | " " |
| MDLNAM | Long model name (40 char) | " " |
| KEYNAM | Key data structure mnemonic | " " |
| KEYTYP | Key type (0=record, 1=bank) | 0 |
| NPARLL | Number of parallel data structures | 0 |
| DSNM01-DSNM30 | Parallel data structure mnemonics | " " |
| NOINOX | Indexing requirement flag | 0 |
| ILARGE | Large event code flag | 0 |
Load Flow Solution Verification
Verification Methods
Default Method:
- SOGEN1.PG, QG - Generator outputs
- SOBGEX - BIG allocation sets
- SOLOAX - Load allocation sets
- SORBVX - Regulated bus voltages
- SOTRAN.TAPINI, FIXPH, FIXVR - Transformer settings
IEEE Method:
ASCII file in IEEE Common Format (1973). Must specify allocation set, day type, hour for case.
Bus data mapping uses SOBUSB.ALTNAM or SORBUS.ALTNAM.
PSSE Method:
Similar restrictions to IEEE format.